Mesoarchean Era
Direct evidence of life
The Mesoarchean is the third era in the Archean Eon, occurring after the Paleoarchean Era, and before the Neoarchean Era.
What happened during this time?
Geophysical
Free oxygen present in the oceans, possibly formed from cyanobacteria around 3.2 billion years ago (Satkoski et al., 2015)
Evidence for chemical weathering of rocks leading to soil formation that occurred in the presence of O2 at least 3.02 billion years ago (Deane & Crowley, 2014)
The oldest known glaciation event, Pongola, starts toward the end of this period (~2.9 Ga)
Extensive cratonization events have never been repeated in the history of the Earth.
The first supercontinent, Vaalbara, broke up during this time
The Supercontinent, Ur, may have originated during this time (~3.1 Ga)
Ur existed for a very long time, joining with other cratons to later form Rodinia and, even later, Pangaea.
Atmospheric oxygen levels remained very low as the oxygen continued to be used up in oxidizing minerals on the earth's crust and in the sea
Oldest Banded Iron-Ore formations are from this time
Biological
First direct evidence of life on Earth
Anaerobic prokaryotes
Diversification of stromatolites on Earth
Potentially complex microfossil of microplankton (House et al., 2013)
Possible life on land by 3.0 Ga (Retallack et al., 2016)
Above: Living stromatolites at Shark's Bay, Australia
Additional Resources
How Early Earth Kept Warm Enough to Support Life (Wolf and Toon 2013)